If You Obey Natures Laws You Can Be Born Again
and
NATURAL LAW THEORY (NOTE: You must read simply those linked materials that are preceded past the capitalized word READ.)
There are ethical theories that make reference to or depend upon the existence of a deity. Two are presented hither in this section. THEY ARE NOT THE SAME. The first is Divine Control theory that is not used anywhere in the world past the major organized religions. It is mistaken for the foundation of the moral theory of Judaism and Christianity and Islam but information technology is not so. The Divine Command theory has too many problems with it to exist used by large organized religions. It is used by small cults and by those who are uneducated well-nigh what their own religion holds.
I. DIVINE Command THEORY and Criticisms of it
The first is i that equates the GOOD with whatever the god or deity commands.
VIEW: Divine Command Theory: Crash Course Philosophy #33
VIEW: VIDEO
Socrates (
Religions often base their notion of morality on the character of their God claiming that (i) What is 'expert' is skilful because God commands it and (2) people cannot alive moral lives unless they follow God's moral teachings. In Christianity (ii) is often believed to be impossible until a person has had their sin dealt with past God. Just and so will they exist in a position to want to do what God wills and be able to do it ('The sinful mind is hostile to God. It does non submit to God's law, nor tin can information technology do so' (Romans 8:vii)). However, this raises questions apropos the relationship betwixt morality and God. If what is 'skilful' is adept only because God wills it is information technology non possible that one solar day God might say that what was previously known equally 'bad' is now 'proficient'? Some might say that this would not happen because nosotros would know God was making something 'bad' good but this means nosotros have an independent criteria by which we can assess God'southward morality. If this is the example so nosotros know what is correct and wrong without God's intervention - and then why bother with God (for more on this see The Euthyphro Dilemma)?- - - Stephen Richards
READ: Tim Holt on the Dilemma See also Wikipedia on the Dilemma
Plato(
Many people claim that morality is impossible without the conventionalities in a supernatural entity (god),, from which our sense of right and wrong ultimately derives. And yet, Plato put a huge hole in this argument, back in the fourth century BCE. Remember most this excerpt from Plato�s Euthyphro (Socrates is speaking):
"Consider this: is what is pious loved past the gods because it is pious, or is it pious considering it is loved by the gods? (Euthyphro, 10a)"
Euthyphro�s dilemma, every bit it has come to be known, is this:
Horn ane - If the good is such because God says it is, and then morality is arbitrary (east.k., God palliating all sorts of immoral acts in the Sometime Testament, including: Genesis 34:xiii-29, Exodus 17:13, 32:27, Leviticus 26:29, Numbers xvi:27-33, 21:iii, 21:35, 31:17-18,Deuteronomy 2:33-34, 3:half-dozen, Joshua 6:21-27, Judges three:29, etc., etc.).
Horn 2 - If the good is absolute, and God cannot do evil, then we don�t need the middle Homo to figure out what is proficient and what is not (e.g., we know that killing innocent children and women, indigenous cleansing, etc. are incorrect, flow).
Find that this is not an argument against the existence of God, only about gods� irrelevance to morality. Yet, if 1 cannot avoid either horn of the dilemma, it is difficult to see what the point of religion ultimately is... by Massimo Pigliucci, at www.rationallyspeaking.org
READ: CHRISTIAN DIVINE Command THEORY
In that location are many people brought upwards to accept the Ten Commandments equally guides for a moral life and they recall that post-obit those commandments would make them adherents to the DIVINE COMMAND Theory . This is NOT the case at all. In DIVINE Control THEORY the Skilful is whatever the "god" or deity commands. This means whatever and whenever and wherever. DIVINE Control THEORY does not rest on scriptures. DIVINE COMMAND is DIVINE Command. DIVINE Control does not stop with the Ten Commandments. No not at all. The theory holds that the deity did not become out of existence after issuing those commandments simply continues to exist and issues new commandments. The deity can even result commandments that change the previous commandments and even in contradiction to them. In fact information technology is oftentimes the case that someone claiming to have received a direct command from the deity or god will do something quite inconsistent with or a violation of one of the ten commandments, for instance killing innocent children because the deity told them to practice and so.
How does anyone know what the "god" or deity commands? The "god" or deity tells them either directly or through some intermediary or through signs or omens or some experience that those who receive the command claim has been the transmitter of the message or the command. How exactly do people get the command ? Well again it is either directly or indirectly through some intermediary like a person or a written piece of work. Can the deity keep to outcome commands afterwards previous recordings? Yep, the deity tin update and alter commands equally the deity wishes.
There are many problems with this theory.
The religions of the Westward take rejected DIVINE Control THEORY and instead hold for Natural Law Theory. The rejection may be based on the fear of some charismatic person receiving a divine command to change the religion or to kill the leaders of that religion.
DIVINE Command THEORY does non remainder on scriptures. DIVINE COMMAND is DIVINE Control.
People claim that GOD has COMMANDED them to practise X
Therefore doing X is a morally skilful act.
X tin can be ANY Human action AT ALL.
Whatsoever Deed AT ALL tin can be practiced if GOD COMMANDS it!!!
In DIVINE COMMAND THEORY at that place is NO Practiced or BAD past itself at all. At that place is merely what GOD COMMANDS
GOD commands= Adept
GOD forbids= BAD
GOD gives a NEW COMMAND, and so NEW COMMAND= Good
No ane who accepts DIVINE COMMAND THEORY can question the commands of the deity or make a argument such every bit "I do not believe God would command the things you stated here at all." considering a person who accepts the DIVINE COMMAND THEORY accepts NO ACT as existence GOOD or BAD except according to what the deity commands.
Co-ordinate to DIVINE COMMAND THEORY
All that matters is that the "god" commands information technology.
Scriptures can record what some people at some fourth dimension thought god commanded them to do. Some people tin follow what is written in those scriptures. That is not DIVINE Control THEORY. Why not? Because for those who believe in a deity or a god so GOD lives forever. GOD is live. GOD keeps issuing COMMANDS.
People hear the DIVINE Command in 1205 and 1776 and 1848 and on May 10, 2003 and on December 23, 2005 and then on and they follow it thinking the command makes the act that is allowable the morally correct thing to do. Here are some contempo cases of Divine Commands.
DIVINE COMMAND THEORY has so many problems that there are very few people on earth that use it and they tend to be fanatics, and mentally unstable people. No religion really supports DIVINE Control THEORY because of all the problems with it and the threat it poses to organized religions. Judaism and Christianity and Islam back up NATURAL Constabulary THEORY and not DIVINE COMMAND.
Problems:
1. Is in that location a god or any deity?
2. Who knows what the commands of the deity are? Tin anyone claim to have heard the control and answer to it? Hither are some contempo cases of Divine Commands.
iii. The commands may need to exist interpreted, only past whom?
four. If there are a few who claim to be designated by the deity or who are designated by some group to be the official recipients of the divine commands are humans prepared to follow the commands of these designated recipients as if they were the commands of the deity?
5. If the deity commands or the designated recipients of the deity's commands do command that every human sacrifice the 2d born child on its tertiary birthday on an altar would that make human being sacrifice a morally GOOD human action?
So in that location are several and severe bug with the Divine Command Theory. They account for the reasons why no major organized faith would use this theory as the ground for morality.
Hither is another theory that in 1 of its forms involves belief in the existence of a deity, god.
Two. NATURAL LAW THEORY
With this theory
VIEW VIDEO at Natural Police force Theory
What Is Consistent with the Natural Law Is Right and What Is not in keeping with the Natural Law Is Wrong
Notation: This is NOT what is natural is morally correct and what is unnatural is morally wrong. The focus is on the natural LAWS and non simply natural acts.
VIEW: Natural Constabulary Theory: Crash Course Philosophy #34
In this view humans have reasoning and the Laws of Nature are discernable by human reason.
This theory has two major variations on information technology. For the theists there is a deity that created all of nature and created the laws equally well then obedience to those laws and the supplement to those laws provided by the deity is the morally correct affair to do. For atheists there is still the belief that humans take reasoning ability and with information technology the laws of nature are discernable. For atheists who accept this approach to act in keeping with the laws of nature is the morally correct thing to practice.
What are the laws of nature that provide guidance for human actions? These would include: the law of survival, the natural action for living things to maintain themselves and to reproduce, etc..
It is a major trouble for this theory to determine what exactly those laws are and how they employ to human circumstances.
READ almost this theory here>
READ THE Ideals OF NATURAL LAW by C. E. Harris
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This is from wikipedia
The Roman Catholic Church building understands natural police force to be immanent in nature; this agreement is in large part due to the influence of Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274 A.D.), often as filtered through the School of Salamanca.
It understands human beings to consist of body and mind, the physical and the not-concrete (or soul perhaps) and that the ii are inextricably linked. It describes human persons as being inclined toward the good. There are many manifestations of the good that nosotros can pursue, some, like procreation, are common to other animals, while others, similar the pursuit of truth, are inclinations peculiar to the capacities of human beings.
Martin Luther Male monarch, Jr. invoked the natural constabulary in his "Letter from Birmingham Jail", stating that the man-made (positive) laws that he broke were not in accord with the moral law or the Law of God (natural constabulary).
Hugo Grotius based his philosophy of international police on natural law. In item, his writings on freedom of the seas and just war theory directly appealed to natural law. About natural law itself, he wrote that "even the volition of an omnipotent being cannot change or abrogate" natural law, which "would maintain its objective validity fifty-fifty if nosotros should assume the incommunicable, that in that location is no God or that he does not care for human affairs." (De iure belli air-conditioning pacis, Prolegomeni XI). This the famous statement etiamsi daremus (non esse Deum), that made natural constabulary no longer dependent on theology.
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The theory also utilizes the Principle of the DOUBLE Consequence:
Explanation and analogy from WIKIPEDIA
READ: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect
DOUBLE Event This set up of criteria states that an action having foreseen harmful effects practically inseparable from the good effect is justifiable if the following are true:
Examples In Medicine
� The principle of double outcome is frequently cited in cases of pregnancy and abortion. A physician who believes abortion is always morally wrong may even so remove the uterus or fallopian tubes of a pregnant woman, knowing the procedure will cause the death of the embryo or fetus, in cases in which the woman is certain to die without the procedure (examples cited include aggressive uterine cancer and ectopic pregnancy). In these cases, the intended effect is to save the woman'south life, not to terminate the pregnancy, and the consequence of non performing the procedure would issue in the greater evil of the death of both the mother and the fetus.[4][five][6]
� In cases of terminally sick patients who would hasten their deaths because of unbearable pain, or whose caregivers would do so for them (euthanasia, medical assistance in dying, etc.), a principle of "double effect decease" could be applied to justify the deliberate administration of a hurting-killer in potentially unsafe doses�non in an attempt to end life merely to relieve the hurting suffered as it is considered harmful to the patient. The U.Southward. Supreme Court has voiced support for this principle in its deliberations over the constitutionality of medical aid in dying.[7]
Run across also INTERNET ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHILOSOPHY
READ: http://www.utm.edu/inquiry/iep/northward/natlaw.htm
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Awarding of the theories to ane behavior: HOMOSEXUALITY
Under the Natural Law Theory ii people of the same sex interacting to produce orgasms will exist morally expert or bad depending on whether or non such actions are in accord with natural laws or not.
Atheistic Natural Law Theory:
If there are species on earth in which members of the aforementioned sexual practice physically interact to produce physical pleasure then homosexual couplings amongst humans would be morally good. The purpose of orgasms would exist more than to produce offspring.
Problem: the physical record may not be all that clear and open to estimation. There is evidence of same sexual activity couplings in species other than homo. How many cases or species are needed to conclude that such beliefs is natural amidst mammals and fulfilling a basic physical drive in a not-harmful style to the species is what is debatable.
Theistic Natural Police Theory:
God fabricated Nature. God fabricated the Natural Laws. God made humans. God gave humans reason by which they are to learn of the natural laws. God also provides revelation apropos god's volition and wishes. In the scriptures in that location are passages dealing with human matters and they are interpreted to accept been given every bit a guide for the moral life. So in addition to the concrete universe which is provided for the study of humans there is also the give-and-take of god.
There is a passage in the bible where Onan is condemned because he did non get into the tent of his dead blood brother's wife and have sexual practice with her so equally to produce more than children. (come across 2 accounts below) . At that time it was the custom in the tribe that when a homo died his brother would be responsible for his wife and take her equally another wife in society to go along the tribe. Onan went into the tent had sex with the dead brother'southward wife simply pulled out of her and spilled his semen on the ground.
He was condemned for doing so.
Problem:
A. Was Onan condemned for entering into sex for a purpose other than having children? If then so all sexual acts other than intercourse between a man and a woman who are married and preparing to accept children would be immoral. These acts would include: Premarital sex activity, extra marital sex, masturbation, homosexuality, oral sex, anal sex, use of birth control.
B. Was Onan condemned for not existence willing to father children past his dead blood brother's married woman? If so, then sexual acts entered into for a purpose other than procreation would be morally acceptable.
There are many people who take each of these possible interpretations of the passage.
Genesis 38:6-nine -- The sin of Onan:
This passage describes how Tamar'due south first husband Er was killed by God because he was wicked. Under ancient Jewish tradition, Er's brother Onan was required to marry and engage in sexual intercourse with Tamar. Widows were not asked whether they wanted to remarry. In many cases, the adult female would take experienced the sex activity as a course of rape -- something required past tribal tradition which they had to endure. Similarly, nobody consulted the widow'southward brother-in-law about his wishes in the matter.
Their first son would be attributed to Er. Because any offspring would not be considered his child, Onan decided to use a common and relatively ineffective contraceptive technique to forestall conception. He employed "coitus interruptus". That is, he disengaged from Tamar just earlier he ejaculated, and "spilled his semen on the ground." (NIV) God was displeased at this action and killed Onan likewise -- presumably because he refused to follow Jewish tradition.
This passage was used until recent decades by some Christian groups who maintained that Onan's sin was actually masturbation. The term "Onanism" was coined as a synonym of masturbation. This interpretation is no longer in common utilise.
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Onan was the middle of the three children of Judah, son of Jacob and male parent of the tribe which eventually produced both Kind David and Jesus. His older brother died without producing an heir. In those days, it was customary for the younger brother to take his deceased brother'due south wife and provide that blood brother with an offspring. So, Judah, Onan'southward begetter, ordered him to do such.
According to the account, Onan realized that his biological son, produced in this manner, would non exist considered his own. If Onan provided his older dead brother with a son, that child would inherit both the seat of chief of the tribe besides every bit the oldest's portion of the estate. It meant that Onan would be inferior to his ain biological child. It also meant that Onan would lose "financially."
The laws of inheritance in those days required that the older brother receive a double portion. This meant that if Onan provided his brother with an heir, Judah's holdings would exist divided iv ways, with 2 fourths (or 1 half) going to this child while Onan would only receive one fourth. However, if Onan retained his status as oldest surviving son, the inheritance would be divided three ways, with Onan receiving two of those thirds or well-nigh ane and a half times more.
Co-ordinate to the scriptural account, Onan insured his failure by practicing the almost ancient form of nascence control known, premature withdrawal. For this, God struck him expressionless.
The account says that Tamar was the name of the married woman and her dead married man committed some sin so grave that God killed him, although it doesn't specify the sin. Now, her husband'due south younger brother commits a sin, with her, and he is struck downwards by God. This man sent to her to provide her dead husband with an heir, has sexual relations with her. He pulls out earlier ejaculation, spills his seed on the basis and dies on the spot.
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Historical Form of Natural Theory from Theistic to Atheistic by Andrew Sandlin
Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law
READ THE Ideals OF NATURAL LAW by C. E. Harris
A Christian Reformed Critique
PROBLEMS FOR NATURAL LAW THEORY
1. One of the difficulties for natural constabulary theory is that people have interpreted nature differently? Should this be the case if as asserted by natural law theory, the moral law of man nature is knowable by natural human being reason?
ii.How do we determine the essential or morally praiseworthy traits of human nature? Traditional natural law theory has picked out very positive traits, such as "the desire to know the truth, to choose the skilful, and to develop as salubrious mature human beings�. Simply some philosophers, such as Hobbes, accept found human beings to be essentially selfish. Information technology is questionable that behavior in accordance with human nature is morally correct and beliefs non in accord with human nature is morally wrong. For case, if it turns out that human beings (at to the lowest degree the males) are naturally aggressive, should we infer that war and fighting are morally right?
3. Fifty-fifty if we take sure natural propensities, are we justified in claiming that those propensities or tendencies should exist developed? On what grounds do we justify, for instance, that nosotros ought to choose the practiced?
4. For Aquinas, the reason why nature had the order it did was because God had put it there. Other thinkers, such equally Aristotle, did not believe that this society was divinely inspired. Does this alleged natural moral society require that nosotros believe that there is a God that has produced this natural moral order? Evolutionary theory has challenged much of the basis of thinking that there is a moral natural social club, since on evolutionary theory species has developed they way they have out of survival needs.
v I t is doubtful that ane can infer moral principles forbidding infidelity, rape, homosexuality, and and so forth, either from biological facts about human nature or from facts about the inherent nature of Man sapiens.
6. Critics of natural police force theory say that it is hundred-to-one, yet, that the inherent nature of Human being sapiens establishes laws of behavior for human beings in the same way every bit information technology may found laws of behavior for cats, lions, and polar bears. Information technology is especially difficult because so much of homo behavior is shaped by the environment, that is, by deliberate and non-deliberate conditioning, preparation, and teaching.
7. Two philosophers (Aquinas and Aristotle) integral to the theory have different views about god�southward part in nature, which confuses the issue, specially when trying to decipher if the theory relies on the beingness of god.
eight. The intrinsic nature of humans equally information technology pertains to establishing laws of behavior may not be the same for animals, which presents difficulties within the theory.
9.. Human being behavior may exist solely reliant upon the environment that i is exposed to, which includes social classes, instruction and upbringing, this opposes the theory.
OTHER SOURCES:
Source: https://www.qcc.cuny.edu/socialsciences/ppecorino/intro_text/Chapter%208%20Ethics/Natural_Law_Theory.htm
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